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Glossary
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A
Anomie
Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist, introduced the concept of
anomie in his book The Division of Labour in Society, published
in 1893. Anomie emerges through society’s transition from mechanical
to organic solidarity. The rules on how people ought to behave with
each other were breaking down and thus people did not know what
to expect from one another. Anomie, simply defined, is a state where
norms (expectations on behaviours) are confused, unclear or not
present. It is normlessness, Durkheim felt that led to deviant behaviour.
AK-47 Assault Rifle
Now seen in the UK for the first time. Sourced from Eastern Europe.
Cost:£1,000 (Goodchild,
2006)
B
Baudrillard,
Jean
Born July 29, 1929 is a cultural theorist, philosopher, and sociologist.
His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism.
Beccan,
Danielle
14 year old girl shot and killed in a drive by shooting in Nottingham
in October 2004.
Beretta
The most tested and trusted handguns in history. The adoption of
the legendary model 92 by the United States Armed Forces is one
of the greatest success stories in the history of pistol manufacturing.
Brocock Magnum
A revolver, originally designed as an air pistol. Can be converted
to fire live. 22ammunitio. Cost £130 (Goodchild,
2006)
Branch
Davidians
The Branch Davidians are a religious group originating from the
Seventh-day Adventist Church. They believed in apocalypticism, they
believed themselves to be living in a time when Christian prophecies
of a final divine judgment were coming to pass. There leader was
David Koresh and they are best known for the 1993 siege of their
Mount Carmel Centre near Waco, Texas, by the FBI and the BATF, which
resulted in the deaths of eighty-two of the church's members, including
head figure David Koresh.
British
Crime Survey
The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking
people about crimes they have experienced in the last year. The
results play an important role in informing Home Office policy.
Browning, 9MM
Semi-automatic, flooded the streets of London after the Falklands
war, smuggled back by soldiers. (Goodchild,
2006)
Cohen,
Albert
Born June 15, 1918, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. He is an American
criminologist best known for his subcultural theory of delinquent
gangs.
Colt,
Samuel
July 19, 1814 – January 10, 1862, born in Hartford, Connecticut,
was the inventor of the Colt revolver, and founder of the Colt Firearms
company. Colt received a European patent for his revolver in 1835,
and an American patent in 1836, which produced the first production
model of Colt's revolver on March 5 of the same year.
Columbine
The Columbine High School massacre occurred on April 20, 1999 at
Columbine High School in Colorado, near Denver and Littleton. Two
teenage students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, carried out a shooting
rampage, killing twelve fellow students and a teacher, as well as
wounding twenty-four others, before committing suicide. It is considered
to be the deadliest school shooting, and the second deadliest attack
on a school in United States.
CS
Gas
CS or 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (chemical formula: C10H5ClN2)
was discovered by two Americans, Ben Carson and Roger Staughton
in 1928. It was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in
Wiltshire, England. It is used by police riot control agent and
is claimed to be non-lethal by the forces that use it.
D
Dark ‘Figure’ of Crime
These are the offences not captured in official statistics (Giddens,
2001, p216).
Dunblane
On Wednesday, 13 March 1996, unemployed former shopkeeper Thomas
Hamilton walked into Dunblane primary school armed with two 9mm
Browning HP pistols and two Smith and Wesson .357 revolvers. He
was carrying 743 cartridges. After gaining entry to the school,
Hamilton made his way to the gym hall and opened fire on a class
of 5-6 year olds, killing or wounding every person present bar one
pupil. Fifteen children and a teacher died at the scene. Hamilton
then fired one shot into his mouth, killing himself instantly. Fifteen
children and three adults were rushed to the hospital as soon as
the emergency services arrived; one of these children was pronounced
dead on arrival at the hospital.
F
Functionalism
Society is seen as an organic whole, each of its different parts
working to maintain the others, just as the parts of the body also
work to maintain each other and the body as a whole. This is called
the ‘Organic Analogy’ (Marshall,
1998, p241)
G
Garage
Music
Garage is any of several different varieties of modern electronic
dance music generally connected to house or disco. However underground
garage is distinctly different, it has a much more raw sound, placing
a greater emphasis on electronic beats and rhythms.
Glock, 9MM 17L
Semi-automatic, used by elite police and military forces around
the world. Very reliable. Cost £150-£400. (Goodchild,
2006)
Grime
Music
Grime is a genre of urban music which has been developing in London's
underground since 2002. Grime has roots in both hip hop and electronic
music and is characterized by rapid and rhythmic rhyming over sparse
break beats, futuristic bleeps and guttural bass growls.
H
Hamilton,
Thomas
1952 – March 13, 1996 was the mass murderer at Dunblane in Scotland
Heston, Charlton
An American film actor, Born October 4, 1923.He is an honorary life
member of the National Rifle Association (NRA), and was its president
and spokesman from 1998 until his resignation in 2003.
Hungerford
massacre
On 19 August 1987 a small village in Berkshire became the setting
for what was at this point the biggest mass murder in British history.
Heavily armed with a Kalashnikov, an automatic rifle and a Beretta
pistol, Michael Ryan took to the streets of Hungerford firing at
anyone in his path. By the end of the afternoon Ryan had gunned
down 16 people including his own mother and seriously wounded another
15 people.
Hyper
Reality
It is simply a way of describing the information to which the consciousness
is subject.
I
IPCC
Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), their job is to
make sure that all complaints against the police are dealt with
effectively.
J
Jackson, Curtis
III (aka 50 Cent)
Best known by his rap name as 50 Cent born July 6, 1975, an African-American
gangster who has become one of the most successful rappers of all
time, selling around 22 million albums worldwide rapper. He rose
to success following his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' and The Massacre.
Jackson is known for his tough guy image, associated with his crack
dealer past, and prides himself on having been shot nine times and
surviving the ordeal.
Jasper,
Lee
As a member of the Mayor's Advisory Cabinet, he is responsible for
political advice regarding race relations in London. He is considered
the foremost black expert on police and black community relationships.
K
Kennedy,
Senator F
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 20, 1925, he served as a
Seaman Second Class (SN2) in the United States Navy during World
War II.
He was elected as a Democrat and served from January 3, 1965 until
his death. He was assassinated on June 6, 1968 at Los Angeles, California
while campaigning for the Democratic nomination for President of
the United States.
King,
Martin Luther Jr
January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968, was a Baptist minister and American
political activist who was the most famous leader of the American
civil rights movement. On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing
on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he
was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers
of that city, he was assassinated.
K-Mart
Sears Holdings Corporation is the third largest retailer in the
United States .The company operates 3,800 retail locations under
the mastheads of Sears, Sears Grand, Sears Hardware, Kmart, Big
Kmart, Super Kmart, The Great Indoors, Orchard Supply Hardware,
and Lands' End stores. The company maintains its corporate headquarters
in Hoffman Estates.
Koresh,
David
David Koresh was born Vernon Wayne Howell (August 17, 1959 – April
19, 1993). He was the head of the Branch Davidians from 1988 until
a raid by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and subsequent
siege by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This ended with the
burning of Branch Davidian ranch, at Mount Carmel. At the end of
the siege Koresh was shot in the head although it is not known by
whom.
Ku
Klux Klan
Founded in 1866 it is the name of a number of past and present fraternal
organizations in the United States that have advocated white supremacy
and anti-Semitism.
L
Lockheed
Martin
Lockheed Martin is the world's largest defense contractor. As of
2005, 95% of Lockheed Martin's revenues came from the U.S. Department
of Defense, other U.S. federal government agencies, and foreign
military customers.
Long Shots
Fashionable deadly weapons (Goodchild,
2006)
Luger, Walther P38 and Webley MK 4
All used in WW2 but many still serviceable. Often used by gangsters.
Cost: £150 (Goodchild,
2006)
M
Mac 10
Submachine-gun. Fire rate of around 1,200 9mm rounds a minute. Usually
sourced from Eastern Europe. Fully working model £500 (Goodchild,
2006)
Machine
Gun
A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm of calibre less than
20 mm designed to fire non-explosive bullets in rapid succession.
Manson,
Marilyn
Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner on January 5, 1969) is an
American musician and the leader of the band Marilyn Manson. He
has been the subject of much controversy, particularly during the
late 1990s due his obscene lyrics and provocative behaviour
Marxists
A body of theory associated with the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels. (Marshall, 1998,
393).
Mass Media
Large scale organisations which use print, radio or television to
communicate with large numbers of people (Marshall,
1998, p396)
Mass Society Theory
The term was coined by French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville.
He found that there was a similarity of ideas among people and suggested
such a society might fall victim to a mass or herd mentality (Marshall,
1998, 399).
Maxim,
Hiram
Born 1840-1916 he invented the machine gun in 1884, Maxim then successfully
sold his new weapon to the British army.
Menezes,
Jean Charles
7 January 1978–22 July 2005 a Brazilian electrician living in Tulse
Hill in south London, England. Menezes was pursued then shot and
killed by unnamed Metropolitan Police officers at Stockwell tube
station on the London Underground. Police thought he was a suspect
in the previous day's failed 7/7 terrorist bombings. Menezes had
no explosives, and was later found to be unconnected with the attempted
bombings.
Michael Moore
An American film director, author and social commentator he was
born April 23, 1954. He is widely known for his outspoken, critical
views of globalization, large corporations, gun violence, and the
George W. Bush administration.
Mizell,
Jason (aka Jam Master Jay)
January 21, 1965 – October 30, 2002, known as Jam Master Jay, was
the founder and DJ of Run-DMC, a highly influential hip-hop group,
based in the Queens borough of New York City. Mizell was shot in
the head and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Queens
at 7:30 pm on October 30, 2002. The other person in the room, 25-year-old
Urieco Rincon, was shot in the ankle.
Mount
Carmel
(After the Biblical Mount Carmel, Israel)
A ranch in Waco Texas, the headquarters of the Branch Davidians,
a religious sect which had split from the Seventh-day Adventists.
N
National
Crime Victimisation Survey
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is America’s primary
source of information on criminal victimization. Each year, data
are obtained from a nationally representative sample of 42,000 households
comprising nearly 76,000 persons on the frequency, characteristics
and consequences of criminal victimization in the United States.
The NCVS provides the largest national forum for victims to describe
the impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders.
Notifiable Offences
Those crimes for which a suspect has the right to trial by Jury,
which marks the difference between more and less serious crimes.
For example the majority of convictions for motoring offences (except
reckless driving and the theft of a vehicle) do not appear in theses
statistics).
NRA
The National Rifle Association, or NRA, is a group for the protection
of gun rights in the United States, established in New York in 1871
as the American Rifle Association. It sponsors firearm safety training
courses, as well as shooting skills and sports. The NRA is sometimes
said to be the most powerful single non-profit organization in the
United States. It describes itself as the oldest and largest civil
rights organization in the U.S., considering gun ownership a civil
right protected by the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights.
O
P
Police Recorded Statistics
These are crimes that have been recorded by the police.(Giddens,
2001, 216)
Postmodernism
Is a term describing a wide-ranging change in thinking beginning
in the early 20th century. Postmodernism has had large implications
in philosophy, art, critical theory, architecture, literature, history,
and culture.
Pough,
Terrell
An 18-year-old single father, shot and killed in Philadelphia on
Nov 17th 2005
Q
R
Rap
Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style
of popular music. It is made up of two main components: rapping
(MCing) and DJing (audio mixing and scratching). Along with breakdancing
and graffiti (tagging) these are the four elements of hip hop, a
cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth (mostly
minorities such as African Americans and Latinos) in New York City
in the early 1970s.
Revolvers
A multishot firearm, usually a handgun, in which the rounds are
held in a revolving cylinder that rotates to fire them through a
single barrel.
Ryan,
Michael
The killer responsible for the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford,
Berkshire, England, on August 19, 1987.
S
Seventh-day
Adventist Church
An evangelical Christian denomination it was officially established
in 1863 and grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States
during the middle part of the 19th century.
Shakur,
Tupac Amaru (aka 2Pac)
June 16, 1971–September 13, 1996 he was an American hip hop artist,
poet and actor. He is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records
as the best-selling rap/hip-hop artist ever, having sold 67 million
albums worldwide (mostly after he died), including 37 million in
the United States alone, and has had 17 Top Ten singles in the U.S.
Shakur was shot in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas on September
7, 1996 after attending the boxing match between Mike Tyson and
Bruce Seldon.
Shoot
to Kill Policy
Based on Israel’s methods for tackling Arab suicide bombers. The
armed police force in Britain now has a policy to shoot suicide
bomber suspects through the head in case they themselves are rigged
with explosives. The justification is if they are not shot and killed
they could detonate on bomb on their person.
Shotgun
A shotgun is a firearm typically used to fire a number of small
spherical pellets. It has enormous stopping power at short range.
Skorpion CZ91S
Czech made machine pistol. Fire rate of 750 rounds a minute. Increasingly
seen in the UK. Cost £600 (Goodchild,
2006)
Snowdrop
Campaign
In the aftermath of the Dunblane tragedy, there developed a massive
groundswell of opposition to the legal ownership of hand-guns. The
"Snowdrop Campaign", so named because March is snowdrop
time in Scotland, was led by Mrs Ann Pearson, a friend of the bereaved
families. The campaign was highly successful.
Social Mobility
The movement of individuals or whole groups between different positions
within the class system of any society (Marshall,
1998, p422).
So
Solid Crew
A UK garage and grime act whose hits include "Oh No" and
"21 Seconds", the latter of which reached number one in
the official UK Singles Chart in August 2001. Another hit, "They
Don't Know", reached number three in November 2001 and "Haterz"
got to number eight in January 2002.
Status deprivation
This can be the taking away of or not having status within society
(Marshall, 1998, p152)
Stephen
Lawrence
On April 22nd 1993 Stephen Lawrence was murdered because he was
black. In 1999, an inquiry decided that the police force in London
made too many mistakes in their investigation.
T
U
V
W
Wallace,
Christopher (aka Biggie Smalls)
May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997, also known as Biggie Smalls but best
known as The Notorious B.I.G. (Business Instead of Game and, since
his death, Books Instead of Guns), was a popular rapper of the mid-1990s.
His career was overshadowed by the Bad Boy/Death Row Records feud
during his life, which lead to his death in 1997, .The Notorious
B.I.G. has been celebrated as a hip hop legend who is widely regarded
as being the greatest rapper of all time.
William
Gaynor
An American politician from New York City born 1849 died 1913. He
served as mayor of New York from 1910 to 1913, as well as stints
as a New York Supreme Court Justice from 1893-1909. Early in his
first term, Gaynor was shot in the throat by James J. Gallagher,
a discharged city employee. Gaynor remains the only New York City
mayor to suffer an assassination attempt
Waco
A
City in Texas
X
Y
Z
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